Civil Engineer Scope

Stones, bricks, cement, lime and timber are the traditional materials used for civil engineering constructions for several centuries. In this chapter types, properties, tests and uses of these materials is explained. 1.2 BRICKS Brick is obtained by moulding good clay into a block, which is dried and then burnt. This is the oldest building block to replace stone. Manufacture of brick started with hand moulding, sun drying and burning in clamps. A considerable amount of technological development has taken place with better knowledge about to properties of raw materials, better machinaries and improved techniques of moulding drying and burning. The size of the bricks are of 90 mm × 90 mm × 90 mm and 190 mm × 90 mm × 40 mm. With mortar joints, the size of these bricks are taken as 200 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm and 200 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm. 1.2.1 Types of Bricks Bricks may be broadly classified as: ( i ) Building bricks ( ii ) Paving bricks ( iii ) Fire bricks ( iv ) Specia...

Stones, bricks, cement, lime and timber are the traditional materials used for civil engineering  constructions for several centuries. In this chapter types, properties, tests and uses of these materials is  explained. 1.1 STONES Stone is a ‘naturally available building material’ which has been used from the early age of civilization.  It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used as building block.  It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world. 1.1.1 Type of Stones Stones used for civil engineering works may be classified in the following three ways: - Geological - Physical - Chemical Geological Classification Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary  and metamorphic rocks. ( i )  Igneous Rocks:  These rocks are formed by cooling and solidifying of the rock masses f...